![]() If you were to apply as a tribe to be recognized, you can expect that would take a well over two decades. And it's a very rigorous and much-critiqued process. The federal recognition process by the Bureau of Indian Affairs was adopted in the late 70s. Can you give us some context about how that compares to the federal recognition process? And that group of people who are turning to some - again - ambiguous form of Indigenous ancestry, still claiming to be white, are almost entirely - they mirror the white mainstream, the white middle class mainstream.Īnd they are very different than those who historically have identified themselves in the census as Native American, and continue to, people who also live on reservations and who speak the language and etc, etc.ĭarryl, as part of your paper, you spent some time talking about the state recognition process for tribes in Vermontand some elsewhere. And so that includes their income, any potential wealth that they may have, are they homeowners, what languages do they speak at home, and etc. And then other sociologists look at that group of people and try to do an analysis of their socioeconomic lives. White Americans whose ancestors in the late 1800s - who obviously were oppressed where they lived, were often coming as refugees with very little in their possession - they'll sort of take that experience to sort of suggest that they really aren't to blame for the ways in which racism are sort of occurring in the 20th century.Īnd one of the things that happens at the same time, is that other white Americans who can trace their ancestry back, or their origins to the United States back even further, they start sort of expressing these forms of family lore, that really sort of capitalize on this idea of the sort of, quote-unquote “Cherokee princess” or in some cases, the quote-unquote “Indian princess.”Ĭourtesy Darryl Leroux recently published a paper titled "State Recognition and the Dangers of Race Shifting" in the American Indian Culture and Research Journal.įor instance, one of the sociologists who I cite, Matthew Snipp, he demonstrates that in the 1980 census, there are 5.2 million Americans who are claiming some, again, form of Indigenous ancestry, but are claiming that they're white, under race. So in the sort of throes of the Civil Rights movement, particularly the ways in which African Americans and Native Americans, right, the Red Power Movement, kind of push back at the historical and contemporary forms of racism and racial violence that are present in the United States, there's a way in which sociologists have explained that white Americans start turning to new identities to sort of almost minoritized themselves, to create these new minority identities for themselves. Julia Furukawa: Can you set the stage for how your research in this region fits into the broader trend of more people identifying as Native American over the years with a particular explosion in the 60s and 70s?ĭarryl Leroux: One of the arguments that's been made - that's not mine, but it's one that I borrow in sociology, so particularly in American sociology - is that what we see from really the 1960s to 70s, is when this movement really kind of starts to take hold. Their conversation below has been edited and condensed for clarity. NHPR's Julia Furukawa recently spoke with Leroux to discuss his findings. ![]() He published a paper last month in the American Indian Culture and Research Journal focusing on claims to indigeneity in Vermont and New Hampshire. That review failed to back those leaders’ claims of Abenaki ancestry, and found no connection between them and the Abenaki First Nations based in Quebec.ĭarryl Leroux is a French-Canadian scholar who studies white settler identities. NHPR recently reviewed records and genealogies for leaders of these New Hampshire groups and one Vermont state-recognized tribe. ![]() The governments of the only two federally-recognized Abenaki First Nations in North America dispute the legitimacy of the tribes recognized by the state of Vermont as Abenaki and related groups in New Hampshire.
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